Februar 1885. They were often backed by military force, but were more often affected from behind the scenes. In the post-Stalin period in the late 1950s, the new political leader Nikita Khrushchev put pressure on the Soviet-American relations starting a new wave of anti-imperialist propaganda. Der britische Imperialismus und seine Probleme - JSTOR Diese Entwicklung spiegelte sich in der wachsenden Zahl von Angestellten. Die Kolonialmächte beschlossen die Aufteilung Afrikas in Kolonialgebiete. Hobson, J.A. In 1884 the leading exponent of colonialism, Jules Ferry declared France had a civilising mission: "The higher races have a right over the lower races, they have a duty to civilize the inferior". Die Gründe für den Imperialismus waren vielseitig. Die Gründe für den Imperialismus waren vielseitig. [118][119][120] Some scholars hold that the Soviet Union was a hybrid entity containing elements common to both multinational empires and nation states. However, after Lenin's death, Joseph Stalin established 'socialism in one country' for the Soviet Union, creating the model for subsequent inward looking Stalinist states and purging the early Internationalist elements. [121] The crushing of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 and Soviet–Afghan War have been cited as examples. Besonders die Großmächte Europas implementierten im 19. The United States achieved very significant territorial concessions from Mexico during the Mexican–American War. Aber auch inhaltlich war das "System Bismarck" längst an seine Grenzen gestoßen, wie etwa das Scheitern der Repressionspolitik gegen die Sozialdemokratie und die Nichtverlängerung des Sozialistengesetzes im Reichstag verdeutlichte. Auf der Suche nach der Wirklichkeit: Kultur und Wissenschaft um Die Jahrhundertwende, I. Darstellung, 3. Mit der Entdeckung Amerikas 1492 begann das Zeitalter des Kolonialismus. This takes two forms, orientalism and tropicality. The empire allied with Germany in World War I with the imperial ambition of recovering its lost territories, but it dissolved in the aftermath of its decisive defeat. wissen musst. The people of these climates were believed to be in need of guidance and intervention from a European empire to aid in the governing of a more evolved social structure; they were seen as incapable of such a feat. (1979) "Imaginative Geography and its Representations: Orientalizing the Oriental", Hobson, J.A. One year later, a war erupted in the Philippines causing business, labor and government leaders in the US to condemn America's occupation in the Philippines as they also denounced them for causing the deaths of many Filipinos. Vor allem die Töchter des Bürgertums, die nach dem Ende der Schulzeit nur noch, und oft lange Zeit, auf die Ehe warten sollten, forderten eigene Bildungs- und Beschäftigungsmöglichkeiten. Teste dein Wissen mit spielerischen Quizzes. [15]: 175 Britain's nationalistic movements were evident with the creation of the commonwealth countries where there was a shared nature of national identity. Japan occupied Taiwan for the rest of 1874 and then left owing to Chinese pressures, but in 1879 it finally annexed the Ryukyu Islands. In 1767, the Anglo-Mysore Wars and other political activity caused exploitation of the East India Company causing the plundering of the local economy, almost bringing the company into bankruptcy. Allerdings unterstand der Kongo-Freistaat der Internationalen Kongogesellschaft, die Leopold II. Anglophone academic studies often base their theories regarding imperialism on the British experience of Empire. However, this period was also the one of the emergence of independence movements based on nationalism and new experiences the colonists had gained in the war. [citation needed]. Overall, Great Britain did very well in terms of profits from India, especially Mughal Bengal, but not from most of the rest of its empire. [69] To seek new markets and sources of raw materials, the Conservative Party under Disraeli launched a period of imperialist expansion in Egypt, South Africa, and elsewhere. Durch den Besitz von Kolonien wurden die eigene Stärke der Nation hervorgehoben. Belgien, Deutschland, Italien, Spanien und Portugal. brutal durchsetzte. Neben den bereits etablierten Kolonialmächten, wie Großbritannien und Frankreich, begannen nun auch weitere europäische Großmächte wie Italien oder das Deutsche Kaiserreich, sich Kolonialgebiete anzueignen. By the 1970s, historians such as David K. Fieldhouse[29] and Oron Hale could argue that "the Hobsonian foundation has been almost completely demolished. [122][123][124], Made up of former colonies itself, the early United States expressed its opposition to Imperialism, at least in a form distinct from its own Manifest Destiny, through policies such as the Monroe Doctrine. Imperialismus und Kolonialpolitik" In. Many of those maps were highly regarded for their accuracy"[43] but were not printed in Europe unless Europeans verified them. Der Begriff Imperialismus leitet sich von den…, Entdecke über 200 Millionen kostenlose Materialien in unserer App, Lerne mit deinen Freunden und bleibe auf dem richtigen Kurs mit deinen persönlichen Lernstatistiken. Along with advancements in communication, Europe also continued to advance in military technology. Eng verknüpft mit den Gründen sind die verschiedenen Formen des Imperialismus: Beim kolonialen Imperialismus eroberten die europäischen Großmächte vor allem um 1900 Territorien in Asien, Afrika und der Karibik, um ihren politischen Einfluss zu erweitern und Ansehen in Europa zu erlangen. In Imperialism he argued that the financing of overseas empires drained money that was needed at home. [36], In Orientalism (1978), Edward Said said that the West developed the concept of The Orient—an imagined geography of the Eastern world—which functions as an essentializing discourse that represents neither the ethnic diversity nor the social reality of the Eastern world. [97][98] The establishment of the German colonial empire started with German New Guinea in 1884. Wieso war der Kongo-Freistaat eine Besonderheit? Another example is Georgia's accession to Russia in 1783. '"[20] Oron Hale says that Gallagher and Robinson looked at the British involvement in Africa where they "found few capitalists, less capital, and not much pressure from the alleged traditional promoters of colonial expansion. (2008). Prussia unified the other states into the second German Empire in 1871. [43] During his analysis of 19th-century cartographic techniques, he highlights the use of blank space to denote unknown or unexplored territory. Imperialism is the practice, theory or attitude of maintaining or extending power over foreign nations, particularly through expansionism, employing not only hard power (economic and military power), but also soft power (cultural and diplomatic power). Alongside the formal control it exerted over its own colonies, British dominance of much of world trade meant that it effectively controlled the economies of many regions, such as Asia and Latin America. strebte nach einem persönlichen Regiment, der alte Kanzler wollte seine Machtstellung behaupten. He eschewed the idea, asserting that Americans' ability to navigate around South America was a testament to "rugged individualism.". Der neugeschaffene Freistaat-Kongo war offiziell unabhängig vom belgischen Staat und war somit auch keine belgische Kolonie. Anti-imperialism gained a wide currency after the Second World War and at the onset of the Cold War as political movements in colonies of European powers promoted national sovereignty. [19] According to Wm. Der junge Kaiser Wilhelm II. Daher wird diese Phase auch Hochimperialismus genannt. Die moderne Wirtschaft spielte sich immer weniger nur im Produktionsbereich ab und war zunehmend auf Bürotätigkeiten in Verwaltung, Kommunikation und Dienstleistung angewiesen. [15]: 170–75 The meaning of imperialism is to create an empire, by conquering the other state's lands and therefore increasing its own dominance. Durch eine Registrierung erhältst du kostenlosen Zugang zu unserer Website und unserer App (verfügbar auf dem Desktop UND auf dem Smartphone), die dir helfen werden, deinen Lernprozess zu verbessern. Wenn viele Historiker sogar von einer Großen Depression zwischen 1873 bis 1895 sprechen, so ist darunter allerdings keineswegs ein allgemeiner Produktionsrückgang zu verstehen. Said, Edward. Spain placed significant strategic emphasis on the acquisition, extraction, and exportation of precious metals (primarily gold and silver). Um dies zu erreichen, werden andere Länder oder Völker durch die Angliederung an den eigenen Machtbereich unterworfen. Jedoch kam es in den bereits existierenden Kolonien zu immer häufigeren Unruhen. So although domestic wages remained higher, they did not grow nearly as fast as they might have otherwise. Der Kongo-Freistaat war kein Kolonialbesitz Belgiens, sondern Privatbesitz der belgischen Krone und somit das persönliche Eigentum von Leopold II. At that time the Ryukyu Islands were claimed by both Qing China and Japan, and the Japanese interpreted the incident as an attack on their citizens. In 1883–84 Germany began to build a colonial empire in Africa and the South Pacific. [14]: 117 Ratzel believed expansion was necessary for a state's survival while Mackinder supported Britain's imperial expansion; these two arguments dominated the discipline for decades. Also, in 1938-1939 Japan made an attempt to seize the territory of Soviet Russia and Mongolia, but suffered a serious defeats (see Battle of Lake Khasan, Battles of Khalkhin Gol). [91][92], In Algeria, the debate was polarized. [99] Within 25 years, German South West Africa had committed the Herero and Namaqua genocide in modern-day Namibia, the first genocide of the 20th century. The Royal Geographical Society of London and other geographical societies in Europe had great influence and were able to fund travelers who would come back with tales of their discoveries. Europa im Übergang: Entwicklung des Parlamentarismus und Wandel der Parteienlandschaft, I. Darstellung, 5. Geschichtsklausur Nr. [32][33], Walter Rodney, in his 1972 classic How Europe Underdeveloped Africa, proposes the idea that imperialism is a phase of capitalism "in which Western European capitalist countries, the US, and Japan established political, economic, military and cultural hegemony over other parts of the world which were initially at a lower level and therefore could not resist domination. Ideologischer Imperialismus hat beispielsweise im Kalten Krieg stattgefunden, als die Sowjetunion ihre Ideologie des Kommunismus verbreitete und die USA ihre Containment Politik praktizierte. As a result, the country turned to imperialism and expansionism in part as a means of compensating for these shortcomings, adopting the national motto "Fukoku kyōhei" (富国強兵, "Enrich the state, strengthen the military"). Im ersten Jahrzehnt des 20. Spricht man jedoch von der Phase des Kolonialismus und den Phasen des Imperialismus, muss man sie voneinander unterscheiden. In spite of diverging perspectives and the absence of a unilateral scholarly consensus regarding imperialism among historians, within the context of Spanish expansion in the Caribbean basin during the colonial era, imperialism can be interpreted as an overarching ideological agenda that is perpetuated through the institution of colonialism. Welche weiteren Großmächte hatten neben Frankreich und Großbritannien noch Kolonialbesitz in Afrika? Given Georgia's history of invasions from the south, an alliance with Russia may have been seen as the only way to discourage or resist Persian and Ottoman aggression, while also establishing a link to Western Europe (see Treaty of Georgievsk). Sharp, J. A. Hobson (1858–1940), Joseph Schumpeter (1883–1950), Thorstein Veblen (1857–1929), and Norman Angell (1872–1967). However, the German involvement in the seizure of overseas territories was negligible until the end of the 19th century. Between 1621 and 1699, the Kingdom of Scotland authorised several colonies in the Americas. Die Kolonialmächte zogen sich immer mehr aus der Politik der nun ehemaligen Kolonien zurück. [114] Beginning in 1923, the policy of "Indigenization" [korenizatsiya] was intended to support non-Russians develop their national cultures within a socialist framework. Meistens wurde die Missionierung und Zivilisierung der Völker jedoch nur als Vorwand genommen, um die eigenen imperialistischen Ziele zu verfolgen, wirtschaftlichen Gewinn aus Kolonialgebieten zu ziehen und sein eigenes Herrschaftsgebiet auszuweiten. Napóleon korában az ő személyes hatalmi törekvéseire alkalmazták a kifejezést. [74] The older words for the same concepts were "loyalism" or "unionism", which continued to be used as well. [14]: 116, The Age of Imperialism, a time period beginning around 1760, saw European industrializing nations, engaging in the process of colonizing, influencing, and annexing other parts of the world. [14] The purportedly scientific nature of "Social Darwinism" and a theory of races formed a supposedly rational justification for imperialism. "Empires, Imperial States, and Colonial Societies," Concise Encyclopedia of Comparative Sociology, ed. Was versteht man unter dem Begriff "Wettlauf um Afrika"? But Britain gained control of former German and Ottoman colonies with the League of Nations mandate. Kapitalismus und bürgerlich-monarchischer "Klassenstaat" würden demnach in einer proletarischen Revolution überwunden und durch den sozialistischen "Volksstaat" abgelöst werden. [15]: 174. Der junge Kaiser Wilhelm II. [36][39] Defining the East as a negative vision of the Western world, as its inferior, not only increased the sense-of-self of the West, but also was a way of ordering the East, and making it known to the West, so that it could be dominated and controlled. Dabei ist es das Ziel der Großmacht, ihren wirtschaftlichen, militärischen und politischen Macht- und Einflussbereich zu erweitern, um so eine Vormachtstellung zu erlangen. Britain now had a practically continuous line of controlled territories from Egypt to Burma and another one from Cairo to Cape Town. A fundamental source of contention stems from the inadvertent conflation of theoretical conceptions of imperialism and colonialism. [8] The term was and is mainly applied to Western and Japanese political and economic dominance, especially in Asia and Africa, in the 19th and 20th centuries. "Imperialism: a study." Wieso wurde das Gebiet des Kongobeckens lange Zeit nicht von einer Großmacht beansprucht? Culture and Imperialism. b) Sie ihn gegliedert zusammenfassen und die Thesen Chamberlains herausstellen. Erst in der Neuzeit erhielt die Kolonie ihre Bedeutung, die wir noch bis heute benutzen: Ein Gebiet, welches von einem fremden Staat besetzt wurde und unter politisch und wirtschaftlicher Abhängigkeit steht. Moreover, colonialism is understood as "...the form of imperialism in which the government of the colony is run directly by foreigners."[138]. Its growth was reversed by the loss of the American colonies in 1776. Mitte der 1890er setzte dann wieder eine lange anhaltende Aufschwungphase ein, die nur zwischen 1906 und 1908 von einem kurzen Produktionsrückgang unterbrochen wurde. Die von Leopold II. Der Wettlauf um Afrika beschreibt den Zeitraum von 1880 bis zum Ersten Weltkrieg, in dem der gesamte Kontinent Afrika von europäischen Mächten kolonialisiert wurde. [131] It also showed difference in the United States' formation of "colonies" abroad. pp. France also twice attempted to make Mexico a colony in 1838–39 and in 1861-67 (see Pastry War and Second French intervention in Mexico). Q. European Leaders met to set up rules for colonizing Africa. Welche Folgen hatte der Imperialismus in Afrika? Outside Africa, Italy possessed the Dodecanese Islands off the coast of Turkey (following the Italo-Turkish War) and a small concession in Tianjin in China following the Boxer War of 1900. Imperialism - Wikipedia Innere Entwicklung der europäischen Staaten, II. [15]: 147, Following the proto-industrialization, the "First" British Empire was based on mercantilism, and involved colonies and holdings primarily in North America, the Caribbean, and India. [27], Communication became much more advanced during European expansion. [53]: 329. Demnach galt die einheimische Bevölkerung der Kolonien den Europäern als unterlegen. A period of conflicts and political revolutions followed due to socioeconomic uncertainty, ending in 1868 with the reunification of political power under the Japanese Emperor during the Meiji Restoration. Binnenwirtschaft und Aussenhandel, II. The British spirit of imperialism was expressed by Joseph Chamberlain and Lord Rosebury, and implemented in Africa by Cecil Rhodes. Denmark-Norway's first colony was established at Tranquebar on India's southern coast in 1620. He pulled back when Britain's Winston Churchill demanded that victory in the war be the first priority. Nie wieder prokastinieren mit unseren Lernerinnerungen. Grundprobleme und Tendenzen der Forschung, 5. Klausur Q1 Imperialismus mit Erwartungshorizont Imperialismus und Kolonialpolitik was published in Das Zeitalter des Imperialismus on page 160. [42] For Harley, maps serve as an example of Foucault's power and knowledge concept. ), "Empire" as a description of foreign policy, This page was last edited on 27 May 2023, at 01:27. Dabei werden die Ressourcen und Märkte in den Kolonien kontrolliert und zum eigenen Vorteil genutzt. [107], And Japan was eager to take every opportunity. Wie viele Menschen kamen unter der Herrschaft Leopolds II. Deshalb übernahmen die Kolonialmächte immer mehr die politische Kontrolle in ihren Kolonien. Der Begriff Kolonie wird von dem lateinischen Wort colere abgeleitet und bedeutet "bebauen" oder "Land bestellen". . In accordance with this theoretical perspective, the activities of the Spanish in the Caribbean are not components of a preeminent, ideologically-driven form of imperialism. Cosimo, Inc., 2005. p. v. "British Empire" British Empire | historical state, United Kingdom | Encyclopædia Britannica Online, Theodore M. Vestal, "Reflections on the Battle of Adwa and Its Significance for Today", in. As it developed, the new empire took on roles of trade with France, supplying raw materials and purchasing manufactured items, as well as lending prestige to the motherland and spreading French civilization and language as well as Catholicism. While these non-Marxist writers were at their most prolific before World War I, they remained active in the interwar years. Auch wenn die Begriffe Imperialismus und Kolonialismus oft als Synonyme füreinander verwendet werden, bedeuten sie nicht ganz dasselbe. The word imperialism originated from the Latin word imperium,[5] which means supreme power, "sovereignty", or simply "rule". By 1942 Japan had conquered much of East Asia and the Pacific, including the east of China, Hong Kong, Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, Burma (Myanmar), Malaysia, the Philippines, Indonesia, part of New Guinea and many islands of the Pacific Ocean. The British Conquest of India, its intervention against Mehemet Ali, the Anglo-Burmese Wars, the Crimean War, the Opium Wars and the Scramble for Africa to name the most notable conflicts mobilised ample military means to press Britain's lead in the global conquest Europe led across the century. Diese Frage nach der Wirksamkeit der Ausbildung stellt eine entscheidende Problemfrage dar, auf die eine Antwort gefunden werden muss. Wann war der Kongo offiziell keine Kolonie Belgiens mehr? "[21]: 6, Looking at the main empires from 1875 to 1914, there was a mixed record in terms of profitability. Irish War of Independence in 1919-1921 led to the сreation of the Irish Free State. They sharply disagreed on goals. Alvin Z. Rubinstein, "Soviet Imperialism in Afghanistan.". II. Was versteht man unter der "Gründerkrise"? Die Einheimischen wurden durch Tötungen, Verstümmelungen, Vergewaltigungen und Geiselnahmen versklavt und zur Kautschukgewinnung gezwungen. Lenin's treatise became a standard textbook that flourished until the collapse of communism in 1989–91. Weltkrieg & Bildung von Militärbündnissen. Ziele Setze dir individuelle Ziele und sammle Punkte. 302 Hintze, Die britische Imperialismus und seine Probleme. [104][105][page needed], For over 200 years, Japan maintained a feudal society during a period of relative isolation from the rest of the world. The scope and scale of Spanish participation in imperialism within the Caribbean basin remains a subject of scholarly debate among historians. November 1908 wurde der Kongo-Freistaat offiziell eine Kolonie Belgiens und wurde in Belgisch-Kongo umbenannt. Much of the debate was pioneered by such theorists as J. no problem! Sammle Punkte und erreiche neue Levels beim Lernen. Concurrently, industrialization was quickly making Europe the centre of manufacturing and economic growth, driving resource needs. The Arabs refused to become patriotic and cultured Frenchmen and a unified educational system was impossible until the Pied-Noir and their Arab allies went into exile after 1962. [109], During the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, Japan's military invaded central China. Due to its long history of imperialist expansion, China has been seen by its neighboring countries as a threat due to its large population, giant economy, large military force as well as its territorial evolution throughout history. problemfrage translation in English | German-English dictionary - Reverso Across the three major waves of European colonialism (the first in the Americas, the second in Asia and the last in Africa), environmental determinism served to place categorically indigenous people in a racial hierarchy. Alles was du zu . Um die eigene Herrschaft in den Kolonien sicherzustellen, wurde die einheimische Bevölkerung sowohl politisch als auch meist gewaltsam unterdrückt und ausgebeutet.
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