[33] assessed the anti-S. aureus and anti-P. aeruginosa activities of low-molecular-weight peptides in seeds and leaves of 20 plant species (including P. harmala) using a dish diffusion assay. It was found that P. harmala seeds extract had the highest inhibition effects on A. hydrophila and V. alginolyticus; the inhibition area ranged from 18.0 to 20.5 mm. 772, Streptococci sp. [56,61] The alkaloid-DNA binding affinity was ordered as harmine >harmalol >harmaline >harmane >tryptoline. Therefore, so far, there is an inhibitory effect of P. harmala extract on a variety of pathogenic bacteria that cause disease in animals and plants, with a wide antibacterial spectrum. Nenaah et al. In this paper, we provide a review on the antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and antiparasitic activities of P. harmala, with a view to contribute to research on utilizing P. harmala for medicinal applicaitons and to provide a reference in the field of antimicrobial and a basis for the development of natural antimicrobial agents for the treatment of infectious diseases. [52] evaluated the antiviral activities of extracts of P. harmala leaves against the HCMV strain AD-169 and Coxsackie B virus type 3 (CoxB-3). with inhibition rates of mycelial growth ranging from 56% to 82%, followed by F. solani f. sp. Careers, Unable to load your collection due to an error. [8,68] Quinazoline alkaloids (e.g., vasicine and vasicinone) within P. harmala have been attributed to the abortificient effect of this plant.[8]. Series: Systematics Association Special Volume Series. Cardiovascular actions of three harmala alkaloids: Harmine, harmaline, and harmalol. The .gov means it’s official. It has since spread into Texas and Arizona and along the western coast of the United States (Abbott et al. Peganum harmala L. is a medicinal herb extensively used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). In an educational setting, the bacterial removal rate in the air after 10 min of smoke from 10 g of seeds reached 92.8%. This literature review should provide a reference for research on the utilization of P. harmala for medicinal purposes and the basis for the development of natural antimicrobial drugs. [6] P. harmala extract is toxic at high-doses[7,77,81,82] and can cause paralysis, liver degeneration, spongiform changes in the central nervous system,[83] euphoria, convulsions, digestive problems (nausea, vomiting), hypothermia and bradycardia. It reduced the cytopathogenic effect in a dose-dependent manner. Shafiq et al. The health benefits of Harmal also apply to mental health. Ait Abderrahimet al. The results of mycelial measurements revealed that the oil of P. harmala seeds at a concentration of 50% had good activity against Pythium sp. There have been several studies indicating effectiveness of P. harmala extract against theileriosis. Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antiviral, and Antiparasitic Activities of ... Mirzaei et al. These findings suggest that harmine, as the main alkaloid of P. harmala, may be useful for treatment of some bone diseases. The chemical composition of essential oils of P. harmala seeds from five different regions of Northern Africa (Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia) was studied by GC and GC-MS . The morphology of P. harmala is shown in Figure 1. African-rue has long been used as a dye plant and was imported into New Mexico in 1928 for "Turkish Red" dye (Guclu and Ozbek 2007 3 ). Harmine promotes osteoblast differentiation through bone morphogenetic protein signaling. revealed in a study on the anti-depressant effects of harmane, norharmane, and harmine using the mouse force swim test that these alkaloids of P. harmala have a significant dose-dependent anti-depressive effect with a suggested mechanism of acting on benzodiazepine receptors. Conceptualization, methodology, and data analysis, Z.Z., S.Z. Harmaline and harmalol inhibit the carcinogen-activating enzyme CYP1A1 via transcriptional and posttranslational mechanisms. Part II: Effects. [57] tested the anti-P. falciparum activities of four alkaloids (harmine, harmaline, vasicinone, and deoxyvasicinone) from P. harmala seed extract and found that there was a moderate inhibition of harmine (IC50 value of 8.0 μg/mL) and harmaline (IC50 value of 25.1 μg/mL) on P. falciparumin in in vitro. [31] performed an agar diffusion test to evaluate the antibacterial activities of essential oils from P. harmala seeds from Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, and Tunisia, on Bacillus cereus 4313, B. cereus 4384, E. coli 857, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 50071, and S. aureus 25693. Finally, based on this information, this review provides the evidence for other researchers to introduce P. harmala as a safe and effective therapeutic source in the future. The extracts were subjected to silica gel column chromatography, ODS column chromatography, MCI resin, and other technologies, and a new compound was found and named N-[3-(2-amino-4-methoxyphenyl)-3-oxopropyl] acetamide (14) (Figure 2). Plant poisonings from herbal medication admitted to a Tunisian toxicologic intensive care unit, 1983-1998. Clinical Overview Use. The expressions of the capsular polysaccharide synthesis gene (CPS5) and the intercellular adhesion gene (icaA) were upregulated in S. aureus [69]. Monsef HR, Ghobadi A, Iranshahi M, Abdollahi M. Antinociceptive effects of. In an in vitro study by Li et al., budding yeast was used as a model to investigate the anti-tumor activity of P. harmala. The antifungal effects of P. harmala have been demonstrated in various pathogenic fungi. The analgesic effect of different forms of P. harmala extract (ethyl acetate [EAE], butanolic [BE], and AqE) have been investigated in various parallel studies. These results herald the bright prospect of P. harmala as a natural source of next-generation medicines, and also lay the foundation for further elucidation of its therapeutic mechanisms, thus, revealing the relationships among the clinical uses, chemical components, and biological activities of P. harmala. Antiviral activities varied from 80% to 95% at concentrations from 25 to 100 mg/mL. Prashanth D, John S. Antibacterial activity of, Rharrabe K, Bakrim A, Ghailani N, Sayah F. Bioinsecticidal effect of harmaline on, Jbilou R, Amri H, Bouayad N, Ghailani N, Ennabili A, Sayah F. Insecticidal effects of extracts of seven plant species on larval development, alpha-amylase activity and offspring production of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Insecta: Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). The conidial suspension of plant pathogenic fungus P. digtiatum was treated with 1 mM harmol. It was also found that carbon C3C4 double-bond and 7-methoxy group of harmine plays an important role in these processes. 15 Conventionally P. harmala is propagated from the seeds. Ardal C., Balasegaram M., Laxminarayan R., McAdams D., Outterson K., Rex J.H., Sumpradit N. Antibiotic development—Economic, regulatory and societal challenges. Effects of Peganum harmala extracts and synthetic ... - ScienceDirect It was found that there was no antibacterial activity of the dichloromethane extract at an amount of 0.156 mg, but higher contents showed good antifungal activities against S. epidermidis and C. neoformans. [40] The efficiency of this plant in treatment of colic is due to its antispasmodic effect[69] probably as a result of blocking different types of intestinal calcium channels[70] by the alkaloid content of the plant specially harmaline. [6] Various parts of P. harmala including its seeds, fruits, root, and bark, have been used as folk medicine for a long time in Iran and other countries [Table 1]. It was indicated that P. harmala extract had good anticoccidial effects in broiler chicks. This could be another possible mechanism for the antitumor activity of the drug.[56,93]. Therefore, there is still more research needed on these aspects. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. [17] conducted a study on the chemical composition of P. sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal In another experiment, to evaluate the effect of P. harmala extracts on the inhibition of Acinetobacter baumannii biofilm, a decrease in biofilm was also observed with scanning electron microscopy [65]. Inclusion in an NLM database does not imply endorsement of, or agreement with, Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Classification and differentiation of the genus, Mina C.N., Farzaei M.H., Gholamreza A. Mohammed S, Kasera KP, Shukla KJ. So far, relevant reports on the toxicity of Peganum harmala L. seeds (PHS) are hardly available. Wang et al. 82173885), the National Natural Science Foundation of China and Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China (no. [31] One study on both endogenous and exogenous beta-carbolines showed that they all have general DAT-mediated (Dopamine active transporter-mediated) dopaminergic toxicity and therefore, are involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. The aim of the present study was to identify the chemical constituents and to evaluate the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and toxicity effects of P. harmala extracts both in vitro and . Seeds are dispersed by water, animals, farm machinery and other vehicles. These results proved that there were effects of P. harmala extracts in treating sheep tissue damage induced by T. hirci. Kuhn W, Müller T, Gerlach M, Sofic E, Fuchs G, Heye N, et al. Since there have been many reports of intoxications following ingestion of specific amounts of P. harmala seeds, care should be taken by scientists and clinicians regarding usage of this plant for therapeutic purposes until adequate studies confirm the safety and quality of the plant. It also inhibited the kinase activity of Cdk2/CyclinA (a member of the cyclin family) in vitro. Samoylenko V, Rahman MM, Tekwani BL, Tripathi LM, Wang YH, Khan SI, et al. Contribution à une étude ethnobotanique des plantes médicinales au Maroc Oriental. It was found that root extract had better antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria than seed extract. It also dose-dependantly decreased litter size. P. harmala extract also decreased the lesion size and number of the parasites in cutaneous form of the disease. These effects of harman may be involved in its hypotensive activity. [11] In the same study, the vasorelaxant activity of harman, another active alkaloid of P. harmala, was shown with a mechanism of interaction with the L-type Ca2+ channels and increasing NO release from the endothelial cells so dependent on the presence of external Ca2+. During this study the extract showed the same potency as antimonyl tartrate that means it could be a good alternative for the antimonial drugs as the first-line antileishmanial treatments with lots of severe side effects. Antitumour principles from. In conclusion, P. harmala inhibits a variety of pathogenic microorganisms and has great potential in the treatment of infectious diseases and air sterilization. In: Wanntorp L, editor. [46] Moreover, its powdered seeds and various extracts have been used as a remedy against tapeworm infections in men and animals in the indigenous system of medicine. According to statistics, in the past seven decades since the discovery, mass production, and clinical use of antibiotics, billions of patients have been saved worldwide [5]. Shahverdi et al. It has also been used widely as an anti-fungal[42] and antiparasidal[46] agent in traditional medicine of some parts of the world. 13 Peganum species are distributed widely in Mediterranean, North Africa, Middle East, India, southern parts of Iran and Pakistan. It could be a good idea to use P. harmala as a tool to control the population of such harmful insects. [84] P. harmala methanolic extract has showed teratogenic effects in female rats. Pieroni A, Muenz H, Akbulut M, Başer KH, Durmuşkahya C. Traditional phytotherapy and trans-cultural pharmacy among Turkish migrants living in Cologne, Germany. [42], Preparations of P. harmala were also used in folk medicine of South-Eastern Spain as anti-leishmanial remedies. Wang X, Wang H, He A. They found that the MICs of harmine against Bacillus pumilus, B. subtilis, Corynebacterium hofmannii, Sarcina lutea, Staphylococcus citreus, S. lactis, Aeromonas hydrophila, and Salmonella paratyphi A were 100 μg/mL, respectively. harmala were extracted by ethanol reflux, and then the extract was concentrated, the pH adjusted, and separated by silica gel column to obtain nine compounds. P. harmala, is also known as “smelly ancient flower” in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China; it is a glabrous perennial herb plant that is 30–70 cm high. It was suggested that P. harmala or the ingredients could play a significant role in drug development for controlling bacteria. The MFC against C. tropicalis was 0.125 mg/mL. Structures of the twenty new compounds from P. harmala. Harmine at high doses increased the BDNF (Brain-derived neurotrophic factor) protein level, which is decreased in depressive conditions, while imipramine, a common anti-depression drug, had no such effect. In most of these studies, only the antiviral extracts of P. harmala have been reported, but research on screening antiviral compounds in the extracts is rare, and there is less research on the antiviral mechanism of P. harmala. Medicinal properties of Peganum harmala L. in traditional Iranian ... [37] evaluated the inhibitory activity of P. harmala seed alkaloid extracts against four plant pathogens (R. solanacearum Physiotype II, Erwinia Amylovora, Pectobacterium Carotovorum subsp., and Burkholderia gladioli) in vitro using the agar diffusion method. and C.W. Leporatti ML, Ghedira K. Comparative analysis of medicinal plants used in traditional medicine in Italy and Tunisia. Ahmad et al. Tabari et al. Schizonts of T. annulata were not observed in lymph node biopsy smears. When harmol-treated P. digtiatum conidia were exposed to UVA, a significant increase in intracellular ROS accumulation was detected by H2DCFDA probe [45]. It is commonly used as winter feed for cattle, sheep, camels, and other livestock and also as a traditional Chinese medicine for treating a variety of human diseases [13]. It was shown in another in vitro study that the extract of P. harmala has the ability to inhibit catechol-O-methyltransferase and thereby the methylation of catecholamines with a mixed type mechanism. There are also experimental studies indicating P. harmala toxicity. [48] prepared P. harmala seed crude protein extract (PHP) with 50–80% ammonium sulfate and tested the anti-HIV-1 RT activity of PHP according to the instructions of the HIV-1 RT kit, which showed a maximum inhibition rate of 69.1% at a PHP concentration of 3.75 μM and estimated an IC50 value of 1.26 μM. The inhibitory effects of PhAMP on burn and surgical wound pathogens (S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, and K. pneumoniae) were studied using the disc diffusion method, and then the effect of PhAMP on pathogens isolated from burn-wound biofilm was tested on a 24-well plate. This anti-proliferative effect was produced by the alkaloid fraction of the extract in the first 24 h of the treatment. It is native to the Mediterranean and central Asia. It was concluded that the aqueous extracts of these plants had broad possibilities in plant disease control and could be used as natural biological control agents in walnut orchards.
